Page 1 (until 1874)

“I know that the LORD hath given you [Israelites] the land, and that your terror is fallen upon us, and that all the inhabitants of the land melt in fear because of you. For we heard how the LORD dried up the water of the Red Sea before you when ye came out of Egypt and how ye did annihilate the two Amorite kings, Sihon and Og, on the other side of the Jordan. Our hearts did melt, neither did there remain any more courage in any man, because of you: for the LORD your God, he is God in heaven above, and in earth beneath.”

​– Rachav Hazona (Rahab), Canaanite prostitute and convert to Judaism. 1323 – c. 1223 BC​
Bible. Joshua 2:9-11. King James Version].

«Parce que la nation des Juifs a toujours non seulement dans le tems present, mais par le passé esté fidelle et affectionée au people romain, et particulierement à l'empereuer Cesar mon pere, nous ordonnons avec l'avis du Senat que les Juifs vivront selon leurs loix et leurs coustumes comme ils faisoient au tems d'Hircan Grand Sacrificateur du Dieu tres-haute. (...) et que leurs Temples jouiront du droit d'asyle.»

​– Caesar Augustus, empereur de l'Empire romaine. 63 BC – 14 ap. J.-C.

Josephus, F. (94): Histoire des Juifs. Volume 3. [Tradudction de Arnauld d'Andilly en 1676]. 

(BEWARE: These words are hostile, but recognize the strength of Israel)

“The Jews have long been in revolt not only against the Romans, but against humanity; and a race that has made its own a life apart and irreconcilable, that cannot share with the rest of mankind in the pleasures of the table nor join in their libations or prayers or sacrifices, are separate from ourselves by a greater gulf than divides us from Susa or Bactra or the more distant Indies. What sense then or reason was there in chastising them for revolting from us, whom we had better have never annexed?”

– Flávios Philóstratos, Greek sophist. 172 – 250 AD

Philostratus (3rd century): Life of Apollonius. 5:31-35. [Translated by F.C. Conybeare in 1912]. 

(BEWARE: Martin Luther was also a notorious Jew-hater)
«Si les apôtres, qui aussi étaient juifs, s'étaient comportés avec nous, Gentils, comme nous Gentils nous nous comportons avec les Juifs, il n'y aurait eu aucun chrétien parmi les Gentils. (…) Quand nous sommes enclins à nous vanter de notre situation de chrétiens, nous devons nous souvenir que nous ne sommes que des Gentils, alors que les Juifs sont de la lignée du Christ. Nous sommes des étrangers et de la famille par alliance ; ils sont de la famille par le sang, des cousins et des frères de notre Seigneur. En conséquence, si on doit se vanter de la chair et du sang, les Juifs sont actuellement plus près du Christ que nous-mêmes.»
– Martin Luther, père allemand du protestantisme. 1483 – 1546 ap. J.-C.
Luther, M. (1523): Que Jésus-Christ est né juif. [Traduction de Walter I. Brandt].

«Je pense effectivement que quelque chose est à la porte​: nous sommes au seuil, vous êtes à l'aube des promesses et des prophéties. (…) Il se pourrait bien, comme certains le pensent, que Dieu reconduise les Juifs depuis les îles de la mer jusqu'à leur pays.»

– Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protecteur du Commonwealth d'Angleterre, d'Écosse et d'Irlande. 1599 – 1658 ap. J.-C.

Cromwell, O. (1653): Discours devant le Parlement. [Traduction de Jean-Claude Lasry, ‎Yolande Cohen et ‎Joseph Josy Lévy en Identités sépharades et modernité]. 

"Jews are so disseminated through all the trading parts of the world, that they are become the instruments by which the most distant nations converse with one another, and by which mankind are knit together in a general correspondence: They are like the pegs and nails in a great building, which, though they are but little valued in themselves, are absolutely necessary to keep the whole frame together."
– ​Joseph Addison, English essayist, poet, playwright and politician. 1672 – 1719 AD
The Spectator. No. 495. Saturday September 27 1712.

​“Certain it is, of all the nations in the world, that of the Jews is the most remarkable. (…) The Jews are scattered through the whole earth; and, were they now to be collected into one body, would compose a nation far more numerous than they were during the short period that they were masters of Palestine.  (…) What distinguishes the Jews from all other nations is, that their oracles alone are true: of this we are not permitted to entertain the least doubt.”
– ​François Marie Arouet (Voltaire), French author and philosopher. 1694 – 1778 AD
Voltaire (1762): The Works of Mr. de Voltaire. [Translated in 1762 by T. Francklin, T. Smollett and others].

"It is the more evident, the Jews will return to their own land again. (…) Besides the prophecies of the calling of the Jews, we have a remarkable seal of the fulfillment of this great event in providence by a thing that is a kind of continual miracle, viz. the preserving them a distinct [nation] when in such a dispersed condition for above sixteen hundred years. The world affords nothing else like it: a remarkable hand of providence. When they shall be called, then shall the ancient people that were alone God’s people for so long a time be called God’s people again, never to be rejected more.”

– Jonathan Edwards, Anglo-American theologian and missionary. 1703 – 1758 AD

Allen, Morrill & Wardwell (1842): Works of Jonathan Edwards. Volume 2. Part VII. 

“It is probable, that the Jews will be restored to Palestine. (…) The Jews are yet a distinct people from all the nations amongst which they reside. They seem therefore reserved by Providence for some such signal favour, after they have suffered the due chastisement. (…) They are treated with contempt and harshness, and sometimes with great cruelty, by the nations amongst whom they sojourn. They must therefore be the more ready to return to their own land. (...) A great part of them speak and write the Rabbinic Hebrew, as well as the language of the country where they reside. They are therefore, as far as relates to themselves, actually possessed of an universal language and character; which is a circumstance that may facilitate their return, beyond what can well be imagined.”

– David Hartley, English philosopher. 1705 – 1757 AD

Hartley, D. (1749): Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his Expectations. Prop. LXXXIII. Page 373-375. 

“You have succeeded [in Jerusalem] in combining your religion with such a degree of freedom of conscience as was never imagined possible and of which no other faith can boast. You have, at the same time, so thoroughly and clearly demonstrated the necessity of unlimited liberty of conscience in every religion, that ultimately our Church will also be led to reflect how to remove from its midst everything that disturbs and oppresses conscience which will finally unite all men in their view of the essential points of religion.”
​– Immanuel Kant, Prussian/German philosopher. 1724 – 1804 AD
Ginzberg, L., et. al. (2023): Judaism. Sacred Texts, History, Theology & Philosophy.

"The persecution was begun with the people, whom of all others it ought to be the care and the wish of humane nations to protect, the Jews. (...) If Dutchmen are injured and attacked, the Dutch have a nation, a government, and armies to redress or revenge their cause. If Britons are injured, Britons have armies and laws, the laws of nations to fly to for protection and justice. But the Jews have no such power, and no such friend to depend on. Humanity then must become their protector and ally."

– Edmund Burke, Irish philosopher. 1729 – 1797 AD

Himmelfarb, G. (2011): The People of the Book. Page 54. 

"I insist that the Hebrews have done more to civilize men that any other nation. If I were an atheist, and believed blind eternal fate, I should still believe that fate had ordained the Jews to be the most essential instrument for civilizing the nations. (...) They are the most glorious nation that ever inhabited this Earth. The Romans and their empire were but a bubble in comparison to the Jews. They have given religion to three-quarters of the globe and have influenced the affairs of mankind more and more happily than any other nation, ancient or modern. (...) I really wish the Jews again in Judea an independent nation."

– John Adams, Anglo-American President of the United States. 1735 – 1826 AD

National Archives (1809): Adams Papers. From John Adams to François Adriaan Van der Kemp. 16 February 1809. 

"The establishment of the Jewish State by Moses is one of the most notable events preserved by history, important for the strength of mind, through which it was put into work, even more important for its effects upon the world, which continue until this very moment. (...) Yes, in a certain sense, it is undeniably true that we owe the Mosaic religion a great part of the Enlightenment that we enjoy nowadays. For through it, a precious truth, namely the doctrine of one God, which, if left to the intellect alone, would have been discovered only after a slow process of evolution, was provisionally spread among the people and has been preserved among it as a subject of blind faith, before finally ripening into a concept of reason within the brighter minds."

– Friedrich von Schiller, Württembergian/German playwright, philosopher and poet. 1759 – 1805 AD

Schiller, F. (1790): Die Sendung Moses. [Translated by C. Nooij]. 

“The Israelites are the most important people of the Orient; for not only did they, through the power that they had acquired under their kings David and Solomon, maintain great influence over the states of the western half of Asia, but their history and literature has also, through Christianity, which had emerged among them, maintained an extraordinarily great and permanent importance for peoples of all climates and tongues. Furthermore, the books passed on to us by them are the most reliable and orderly writings about the ancient history of mankind, and in part also the oldest historical works, to exist.”

– Friedrich Christoph Schlosser, Frisian/German historian. 1776 – 1861 AD

Schlosser, F.C. (1844): Weltgeschichte für das deutsche Volk, Volume 1. [Translated by C. Nooij]. 

(BEWARE: Schopenhauer was also a notorious Jew-hater)

“The small Jewish race (…) was driven from its native land some two thousand years ago and has ever since existed and wandered homeless. On the other hand, many great and illustrious nations with which this pettifogging little nation cannot possibly be compared, such as the Assyrians, Medes, Persians, Phoenicians, Egyptians, Etruscans and others have passed to eternal rest and entirely disappeared. (…) And so even today, this gens extorris, this John Lackland among the nations, is to be found all over the globe, nowhere at home and nowhere strangers. Moreover, it asserts its nationality with unprecedented obstinacy and, mindful of Abraham, who dwelt in Canaan as a stranger but who gradually became master of the whole land, as his God had promised him, it would also like to set foot somewhere and take root in order to arrive once more at a country, without which, of course, a people is like a ball floating in air.”

– Arthur Schopenhauer, Prussian/German philosopher. 1788 – 1860 AD

Singer, T. (2018): Between Eternity and Wandering. The Anti-Jewish Discourse on the Wandering Jew in the Long 19th Century in Germany and Austria. 

“I plainly saw the nature and extent of God's covenanted pledge to Abraham, and became fully

convinced that their national restoration was a revealed truth, and that the church would never

​attain to any triumph on earth in which the Jews, as Jews, did not bear a very prominent part.”

– Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna, English feminist author. 1790 – 1846 AD

Elizabeth, C. (1847): The Works of Charlotte Elizabeth. Personal recollections. 

“I love the Jews. I have not let slip any occasion to recall to mind their martyrdoms, their family virtues, the admirable abilities which they have displayed in our time. How could a man remain unconcerned about the destiny of this people, authors of the Christian world, and so much persecuted and maltreated by the Christians. (…) Let us then respect the patient people, whom, for so many centuries, the world has smitten so hard and who, in our days, have suffered so much in Russia. Let us respect the faithful people whose antique worship preserves the type from which humanity departed and to which we are going back, the family pontificate, toward which the future bends. Let us respect the lively energy, from which the Oriental stock has raised up so many unforeseen talents, so many savants and proficients in every art.”

​– Jules Michelet, French historian. 1798 – 1874 AD

Michelet, J. (1864): The Bible of Humanity. [Translated by Vincenzo Calfa in 1877.]. 

“In the pantheistic religions there is only an eternal present. The generations confuse with rather than succeed each other. What can be expected of the future in such societies? Why call upon it, why fear it? Is not God shackled by fate, man by caste? Where is hope amidst these chains which no Messiah is to come and break? It is only among the Hebrews that the genius of futurity truly shines forth, for their God is free. With them, that which has been ceases to be the inflexible rule for that which shall be. Hence the image of a people who, rejecting an odious present, live always outside of it in an effort after the impossible. (…) Thus we see in the East the birth of a liberation movement which progresses to the extent that polytheism recedes. According to the Law of Moses, a Hebrew could not be deprived of his liberty for more than six years, which amounted to an act of real emancipation. (…) The spirit of equality was rooted in the Law, even when the example of the rest of the Orient opposed its scrupulous translation into practice.”

​– Edgar Quinet, French historian and intellectual. 1803 – 1875 AD

Baron, J. L. (1943): Stars and Sand. Jewish Notes by Non-Jewish Notables.​ Page 109. 

“The country is in a considerable degree empty of inhabitants and therefore its greatest need is that of a body of population. (...) Such a people may be found in the Jews; for their ​affections are centred here: and they own no willing subjection to any European crown...”

– James Finn, British Consul in Jerusalem. 1806 – 1872 AD

Gottheil, F.M. (1797): The Population of Palestina circa 1875. 

“Though the spiritual history of this people is not completely known, there are enough monuments and fragments extant to convince us that the Jewish spirit is as active as it is tenacious, as intelligent as it is self-willed, as supple as it is determined. The books of Holy Writ captivate his faith but not his thought; firm and immovable in his attachment to the teachings of his fathers, the Jew expounds and develops these doctrines to a certain extent. The progressive variations of the Bible, the works of individual meditation, like the Book of Ecclesiasticus, the writings of Aristobulus, and especially of Philo, the Cabala and the Talmud are decisive testimony of Jewish speculative activity. Undoubt- edly the hierarchy in Judea weighs upon thought, but it does not immobilize it as in other lands of the Orient.”

​– Étienne Vacherot, French philosopher. 1809 – 1897 AD

Baron, J. L. (1943): Stars and Sand. Jewish Notes by Non-Jewish Notables.​ Page 80. 

“Does anybody deny the Jews a single one of the God-given talents that adorn the human race? Does not their history, the study of which has become a duty among all peoples, bear witness to the excellence of their nation? (…) Who among those that are acquainted with the younger generation of educated Jews, fails to admit their extraordinary zeal for scholarly pursuits and their faculties for the study of languages, of mathematics, of the natural sciences?”

– Nikolay Pirogov, Russian founder of field surgery. 1810 – 1881 AD

Baron, J. L. (1943): Stars and Sand. Jewish Notes by Non-Jewish Notables.​ Page 400. 

​"Palestine, though now barren and desolate, requires only an active and industrious population, so abundant are its natural advantages of soil and climate, to restore its original fertility. (...) The advantages derivable to England from this measure are so great that it would almost appear that my real object was to benefit my own country, instead of advocating the cause of a proscribed and harmless race; but so true is it (...) that the protection afforded to this people would quickly return in blessings on England and be felt in the wretched hears and homes of the poor manufacturers of Manchester, Birmingham and Glasgow. (...) The re-establishment of the Jewish nation in Palestine as a protected state, under the guardianship of Great Britain (...) would be attended with political advantages of incalculable importance to Great Britain."

​– Edward Ledwich Mitford, English author. 1811 – 1912 AD

Hyamson, A.M. (1918): Restoration of Jews to Palestine. Page 143. 

"There is store of wisdom among us to found a new Jewish polity, grand, simple, just like the old - a republic where there is equality of protection, an equality which hone like a star on the forehead of [this] ancient community, and gave it more than the brightness of Western freedom amid the despotisms of the East. Then [this] race shall have an organic centre, a heart and brain to watch and guide and execute; the outraged Jew shall have a defence in the court of nations, as the outraged Englishman of America. And the world will gain as Israel gains. For there will be a community in the van of the East which carries the culture and the sympathies of every great nation in its bosom: there will be a land set for a halting-place of enmities, a neutral ground for the East as Belgium is for the West."

– Mary Anne Evans (George Eliot), English writer, novelist and journalist. 1819 – 1880 AD

Eliot, G. (1876): Daniel Deronda. 

“The most ancient cosmopolitan people on earth is the Hebrew one. Its puzzling deed, long before Socrates, Seneca and Epictetus, before Alexander, Paul and Marcus Aurelius, was the discovery of the unity of the physical and moral cosmos, or with one word monotheism. The Mosaic Genesis has set up the highest metaphysical term of the human being, namely that he is the likeness of God or the son of God. All humans participate in God’s image, as per the Jewish creation theory, and out of this flows the recognition of the very human values, such as the equality and fraternity of all descendants of Adam.”

– Ferdinand Gregorovius, Prussian/German writer and historian. 1821 – 1891 AD

Rothschild, M. v. (1901): Briefe berühmter christlicher Zeitgenossen über die Judenfrage​. [Translated by C. Nooij.]. 

“[We experience] the profound significance of the history of Israel, that through its experiences and trials it was led to an ever deeper and purer conception of the deity. Alone among the nations of antiquity, the Jews possessed a history which strove to recognize in earthly events the rule of a moral order of the universe.”

​– Oskar Peschel, Saxon/German geographer and anthropologist. 1826 – 1875 AD

Baron, J. L. (1943): Stars and Sand. Jewish Notes by Non-Jewish Notables.​ Page 57. 

“Palestine [is] the country made over by God to the glorious people of which you have the honour of being a member. (…) I also hope that you will likewise acquaint me with the names and addresses of persons in England, whom you may believe inclined to sympathise with the moral and economical re-constitution of the ancient patrimony of the Hebrews; for our work, supported by the greatest and most aristocratic names among Christians, sympathises not the less, nay, before all, with the Israelites, whose rights to Palestine are superior to all others.”

– Henri Dunant, Swiss founder of Red Cross. 1828 – 1910 AD

Sokolow, N. (1919): History of Zionism. 1600-1918. 

"The idea itself is natural, fine and just. Who can challenge the rights of the Jews in Palestine? Good Lord, historically it is really your country. What a wonderful spectacle that will be when a people as resourceful as the Jews will once again be an independent nation, honored and complacent, able to make its contribution to needy humanity in the field of morals, as in the past."

– Yousef al-Khalidi, Arab mayor of Ottoman Jerusalem. 1829 – 1907 AD

Middle East Institute (1987): The Jerusalem Quarterly. Numbers 41-44. 

(BEWARE: Gascoyne-Cecil was also a notorious Jew-hater)

“The Jews have the ability to establish an exemplary regiment in Palestine and to bring the commerce of Asia Minor to an unprecedented level. (…) In the race, which has withstood a 2000 ​year old pressure, there is enough energy and endurance present to fulfill the goals set by Zionism.”

– Duke Robert Gascoyne-Cecil of Salisbury, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. 1830 – 1903 AD

Hoppe, H. (1904): Hervorragende Nichtjuden über den Zionismus. [Translated by C. Nooij]. 

"The Jew is that sacred being who has brought down from heaven the everlasting fire, and has illumined with it the entire world. He is the religious source, spring, and fountain out of which all the rest of the peoples have drawn their beliefs and their religions. The Jew is the pioneer of liberty. (...) The Jew is the pioneer of civilization. Ignorance was condemned in olden Palestine more even than it is today in civilized Europe. (...) The Jew is the emblem of civil and religious toleration. 'Love the stranger and the sojourner', Moses commands, 'because you have been strangers in the land of Egypt.'"

– Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist and philosopher. 1831 – 1902 AD

Tolstoy, L. (1891): What is a Jew? 

“From the belief that God was the only law-giver, it was but a step to the conviction that the national life was to be absolutely regulated by the divine will. (…) It is a proof of the intense vitality of the Jewish people that they did not, like the surrounding communities, succumb to the oppression of foreign political domination. Their energy came from, or was in closest union with, their consciousness of possession of highest truth and their hope of a brilliant future.”

​– Crawford Howell Toy, American Hebraist. 1836 – 1919 AD

Cohen, N.W. (1990): Essential Papers on Jewish-Christian Relations in the United States. 

“Israel among the peoples is and remains a providential miracle for those who believe in the prophecies, an unsolvable mystery for those who reject them. (…) The agricultural college at Jaffa shows within how short a time they can be turned into decent farmers, and the Jewish settlements that I visited in Palestine provided me with the fortunate evidence, that the Jews, at least those from the East, can return to their ancient lifestyle very easily. As an agricultural people, Israel has been great; the Diaspora and the Ghetto have transformed the Jew into a finely honed, commercial money man; return him to the nature, and the nature will work her miracles for him.”

– Abraham Kuyper, Prime Minister of the Netherlands. 1837 – 1920 AD

Kuyper, A. (1907): Om de oude wereldzee. Deel 1. Het joodsche probleem.​ [Translated by C. Nooij.]. 

“While those around them were groveling in the darkness of besotted ignorance; while juggling miracles and lying relics were the themes on which all Europe was expatiating; while the intellect of Christendom, enthralled by countless superstitions, had sunk into a deadly torpor, in which all love of enquiry and all search for truth were abandoned, the Jews were still pursuing the path of knowledge, amassing learning, and stimulating progress with the same unflinching constancy that they manifested in their faith. They were the most skilful physicians, the ablest financiers, and among the most profound philosophers; while they were only second to the Moors in the cultivation of natural science."

​– W. E. H. Lecky, Irish historian and political theorist. 1838 – 1903 AD

Lecky, W.E.H. (1865): History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe. Vol. II. Page 282. 

"The greatest puzzle is that this people has played its role in the world for 2000 years already, and yet hasn't perished like all the other peoples, that it has rather doubled itself over time and has preserved itself amid the greatest misery. And the answer to this puzzle can be found in the fact that this people has the purest morality, and has always been hopeful to unitedly reattain its deserved position as a reunited nation. (...) If a nation with such a glorious historical past voluntarily surrenders its national aspirations, it would be tantamous with national sacrifice. They have not only the right, but also the duty, to fight for the restoration of their national sovereignty. Zionism is not a mere dream. History gives other examples of the rebirth and revitalization of dead nations, and why should this not be possible in the case of such a richly furnished people as the Jews?”

​– Carl Friedrich Heman, Palatine/German pastor and professor. 1839 – 1919 AD

Hoppe, H. (1904): Hervorragende Nichtjuden über den Zionismus. [Translated by C. Nooij]. 

“Zion is not yet lost. Whoever hears pious Jews wailing at Zion’s walls, his heart will beat with pity for the deeply afflicted. And with the wish of those who whimper there, and with those who weep there for noble Jerusalem, he will identify himself, that the people of Patriarchs, the people of sublime seers, that the people of the great sufferers and of the brave Maccabees, that has known for a millennium its one God, may, by Jehovah’s mercy, once again live in Zion. Zion's name was the hope that sweetened his misery; Zion is his eternal guiding star and his mannah in the desert.”

– Johannes Fastenrath, Rhenish/German author. 1839 – 1908 AD

Winz, Leo (1903): Ost und West. Heft 6. Juni 1903. III. Jahrg. Page 415. [Translated by C. Nooij.]. 

"The general law of dereliction does not apply to the Jews in regard to Palestine, for they never abandoned the land. They made no treaty; they did not even surrender. They simply succumbed, after the most desperate conflict, to the overwhelming power of the Romans. (…) According to God's distribution of nations it is their home, an inalienable possession from which they were expelled by force. Under their cultivation it was a remarkably fruitful land, sustaining millions of Israelites, who industriously tilled its hillsides and valleys. They were agriculturalists and producers as well as a nation of great commercial importance – the centre of civilization and religion. Let us now restore them to the land of which they were so cruelly despoiled by our Roman ancestors."

– William Eugene Blackstone, American evangelist. 1841 – 1935 AD

Blackstone, W.E. (1891): May the United States Intercede for the Jews? Our Day. Volume VIII. No. 46. 

“Until you can bring me a statesman more comprehensive in view and more diligent in detail than Moses, until you can bring me poets more spiritual than David and him who wrote Job, until you can bring me a lover more pure or a mystic more rapt than John, until you can bring me a man more dear and friendly and helpful and strong and human and Christly than Jesus do not speak to me slightingly of the Jew. And now, to gather together these people from the four ends of the earth, to rehabilitate them in their thousand-fold consecrated home after so many ages of wandering, to re-make them into a homogeneous nation at once the newest and the oldest upon the earth, to endow the nineteenth century with that prodigious momentum which all the old Jewish fervor and spirituality and tenacity would acquire in the backward spring from such long ages of restraint and oppression, and with the mighty accumulation of cosmopolitan experiences; the bare suggestion would seem enough to stir the blood of the most ungentle Gentile.”

– Sidney Lanier, American musician, poet and author. 1842 – 1881 AD

Baron, J. L. (1943): Stars and Sand. Jewish Notes by Non-Jewish Notables.​ Page 431-433. 

“Israel continues to resemble quick-silver, that strange, liquid metal, whose restless globules run in all directions without mingling with anything they touch, but reunite in large masses as soon as they meet again. (...) It was in vain that we locked them up for several hundred years behind the walls of the Ghetto. No sooner were their prison gates unbarred, then they easily caught up with us, even on those paths which we opened up without their aid. (...) There can be no doubt that the Jews, the so-called Semites, have given proportionately more men of talent to our Aryan civilisation than the so-called Aryans themselves. The chance of discovering a distinguished man, a scholar, or artist, among a thousand Western Jews is three or four times as good as among a thousand Englishmen, French, or Germans.”

​– Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, French publicist and historian. 1842 – 1912 AD

Leroy-Beaulieu, A. (1895): Israel Among the Nations. [Translated by Frances Hellman]. 

"The resourcefulness of the modern Jews, both in mind and soul, is extraordinary. (...) The Jews, however, are beyond all doubt the strongest, toughest, and purest race at present living in Europe; they know how to succeed even under the worst conditions (in fact better than under favorable ones) by means of virtues of some sort - which one would like nowadays to label as vices - owing above all to a resolute faith which does not need to be ashamed before modern idea. (...) It is certain that the Jew, if he desired - or if they were driven to it, as the antisemites seem to wish - could now have the ascendancy, nay, literally the supremacy, over Europe; that they are not working or planning for that end is equally sure."

– Friedrich Nietzsche, Saxon-Anhaltian/German philosopher. 1844 – 1900 AD

Gould, A. (1997): What did they think of the Jews?. Page 208. 

How should the Zionists, seeing as they preserve reverence unto their fathers, lack Christian friends? After all, reverence is paramount for human feelings. I myself have always considered the Jews to be a nation. The Jewish blood is one of the strongest and, in the case of mixed marriages, its racial characteristics are passed on to the grandchildren. And, if you proudly affirm their nationhood, I should be as foolish as to under-appreciate you for that reason. On the contrary! (…) So, once more, I am delighted by this Jewish movement and by the many beautiful things it has yielded.”

– Carl von Torresani, Austrian officer and novelist. 1846 – 1907 AD

Kaufmann, M.W. (1900): Zionisten und Christen. Page 123-124. [Translated by C. Nooij]. 

“[Herzl and Zangwill] love the country of their fathers and they love their race. I love mine. Why should the holiest feeling cherished by the human chest, be less holy in the case of the children of that tribe, which was the early Church? ‘Help us resettle the vanishing crowds of our brothers in Palestine!’ is the calling of Herzl and Zangwill to the financial kings of their race. The Christian spectator must confirm the seriousness of the crisis and cannot remain unaffected by the nature of any such plea.”

– Frank Hugh O'Donnell, Irish nationalist. 1846 – 1916 AD

Ein irischer Führer über den Zionismus. In: Die Welt. Nummer 20. Jahrgang 6. 16. Mai 1902. [Translated by C. Nooij] 

"We have no prejudice against the Arabs; the sons of Ismael are hardly of less noble origin as the sons of Israel. But as a national economist I am obligated to conclude that since about twelve centuries, since the Arabs hold the Kingdom of David in their possession, they have allowed it to decay. (...) If brought before the judgment seat of history, a sentence of expropriation on grounds of the common good would be justified. But the Zionists do not demand this expropriation at all; in contrary, they are prepared to show the Arabs how to bring the land to higher culture. (...) When the Jews lived in their country, they were undoubtedly good farmers and made the most out of what the Judean soil could give them. (...) Wherever they were allowed to own land, in America and even in Galicia, they understood quite well how to practise agriculture. (...) In any case they are working on this with success in Palestine. (...) To me, as a descendant of the Huguenots, who were raised with the Bible, Palestine is a holy land, and my heart beats faster at the thought that it is renewing itself, after it has been abandoned by its children for 1900 years."

– Charles Gide, French economist. 1847 – 1932 AD

Gide, C. (1924): Die zionistische Kolonisation. Aus dem Französischen übersetzt von Walter Fischel. In: Der Jude, Jahr 8, Heft 3. Page 129-136. [Translated by C. Nooij] 

Brief aus Palästina, den 17. Juli 1923. In: Wiener Morgenzeitung 5. Heft 1599. Seite 2. [Translated by C. Nooij] 

“Here we start with a pure race of unusual intellectual vigor and power, the Jews, long thrown by circumstances into an environment which has brought out many of  their faculties in a very high degree. They are the oldest civilized race now remaining on earth; they are artistic, musical, literary, exceptionally philosophic, and hereditarily cultivated.” 

– Grant Allen, Canadian author and novelist. 1848 - 1899 AD

D. Appleton (1884): The Popular Science Monthly. Volume 24. 

“It’s one of the most extraordinary things in the history of the world that a nation like yours, one in religion, one by blood, one in your sacred language, decidedly a nation, should yet be a people; which really has a national country known and recognised by all the world. It is known that Palestine is the home of the Jew (...) which should be made into a West Asian Switzerland, and who have more right than the ancient race to which it belonged? (...) None are better fitted to carry out these improvements and to direct the present population in agriculture, than the descendants of the ancient conquerors who made hewers of wood and drawers of water of the aboriginal population. The energy, industry and tact, which are so remarkable in the Jewish character, are qualities invaluable in a country whose inhabitants have sunk into fatalistic indolence. (…) I most sincerely believe that in the time of the present generation you will become a people, scattered no doubt all over the world, but with a home you can turn to as the home of the race, or you will be swallowed up in the nations among whom you dwell and there will be no Israel at all."

– Claude R. Conder, English/British explorer, lieutenant and antiquarian. 1848 – 1910 AD

Hyamson, A.M. (1918): Restoration of Jews to Palestine. Page 143.

Gordon, B.L. (1919): New Judea. Jewish Life in Modern Palestine and Egypt. Page 30. 

“We must honor the Jews, if not for the invention, at least for their unique conception of another sublime idea; the idea of Providence. There would be no modern civilization without Christianity, whether accepted or rejected, no Christianity without Judaism, no Judaism without a small people that sacrificed its political fortune for its religious vocation, and, finally, no conscience or sentiment for this vocation without the Prophets who sustained it in moments of weakness, who fashioned it with their voices and who, we are inclined to say, created it. To argue now whether this civilization could not have taken another course, or whether the cultures of Greece and Rome would not have sufficed to form it, such as it is, would be as idle as to ask what would have become of the Reformation of the sixteenth century without Luther and Calvin, or of the French Revolution if Louis XVI had died in the prime of life.”

​– Ferdinand Brunetière, French author. 1849 – 1906 AD

​Baron, J. L. (1943): Stars and Sand. Jewish Notes by Non-Jewish Notables. Page 140. 

“Every one knows and many acknowledge the intellectual gifts, creative force, thirst for knowledge, and persevering, clear-sighted energy of the Jewish people. But too little is said of the qualities which nevertheless appear most characteristic to those who have seen Jewish women and men at close quarters: their strength in love, their sense of fraternity, their helpfulness and self-sacrifice. It was not an accident that Jesus came of the Jewish people. The attempts now made to prove that he was an Aryan are a waste of labor for those who as in my case have more readily found his qualities in those of Jewish than in those of Germanic descent.”

​– Ellen Key, Swedish feminist. 1849 – 1926 AD

Key, E. (1913): Rahel Varnhagen. A Portrait. 

"At present Palestine supports only six hundred thousand people, but with proper cultivation it can easily

maintain two and half millions. You are a people without a land; there is a land without a people. Be

united. Fulfill the dreams of your old poets and patriarchs. Go back, go back to the land of Abraham."

– John Lawson Stoddard, American lecturer. 1850 – 1931 AD

Stoddard, J.L. (1897): Lectures. Page 1897. 

“It seemed to me that it was entirely becoming and commendable that the Jewish people in all portions of the world should desire to have a national home for such members of their race as wished to return to the country which was the cradle of their race, and where they lived and labored for several thousand years, running back to days just apparent in the dim dawn of recorded history. What could be more praiseworthy or more appealing than such a desire? Why should it not be gratified?”

– Henry Cabot Lodge, American Senator (GOP) from Massachussets. 1850 – 1924 AD

United States Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs (1944): Jewish National Home in Palestine. Page 375. 

"If the commercial future of Palestine is capable of a great development, I am pleased that the Jewish people will contribute to this development. (…) The geographical situation of Palestine, between Orient and Occident, seems to make it the clearing house of the world above all else. I can easily imagine the Jewish people in their own country as a community, defended by the powers. The future of Palestine is for the Jews. May they just maintain and develop their national sense."

– Hall Caine, Manx author and playwright. 1853 – 1931 AD

Hoppe, H. (1904): Hervorragende Nichtjuden über den Zionismus. Page 57. [Translated by C. Nooij]. 

“The Jews were at all times fulfilled by the importance of progress and despite all the unfortunate circumstances under which they suffer, the Jews have contributed amazingly to the progress of science and civilization. The Jews may not be fully satisfied until the Jewish homeland in Palestine is established, from whence they will have the opportunity to have their spiritual impact on Europe. The 320 million souls in India wish them the best success in their efforts. I wish that the day may come soon, when meetings might be held as a sign of mutual consensus between Jews and the other Asians, in Peking, Teheran, Delhi, Cabul, etc., so that the true understanding between us may take on practical forms.”

– Haraprasad Shastri, Indian/Bengali scholar. 1853 – 1931 AD 

"The Zionist movement, which emerged towards the end of the past century, signifies a great advancement… The Jews are the advancement. (…) The Argentine Republic, the trade and progress of which owe the Jews more than is usually assumed, has joined the ranks of the Zionist movement with particular enthusiasm. (…) The hopes of the Zionists will be realized sooner or later, now we must work diligently in order to pave the way for the future.”

– Estanislao Zeballos, Argentine Minister of Foreign Affairs. 1854 – 1923 AD

Hoppe, H. (1904): Hervorragende Nichtjuden über den Zionismus. Page 95. [Translated by C. Nooij.]. 

“There would be no Jewish religion if there were no Jewish nation. But there is one. The Jewish nomocracy (that is, rule of the law) unites the Jews, no matter how scattered they may be over all the lands of the world, into a firm, uniform and absolutely political organism, in which community of blood testifies to a common past and gives a guarantee for a common future. (…) The Jewish faith in God, that which can and may be called ‘religion’ in their case, for it has become since the source of a fine morality, is a part of this national idea, not vice versa. To assert that there is a Jewish religion but no Jewish nation is simply nonsense.”

– Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Anglo-German author. 1855 – 1927 AD

Chamberlain, H.S. (1900): Foundations of the Nineteenth Century. The Jewish Question. 

​“The Jew that was once in about the same position that the Negro is today has now complete recognition because he has entwined himself about America in a business or industrial sense. (…) We have a very bright and striking example in the history of the Jews in this and other countries. There is, perhaps, no race that has suffered so much, not so much in America as in some of the countries in Europe. But these people have clung together. They have had a certain amount of unity, pride, and love of race.”

– Booker T. Washington, African-American activist. 1856 – 1915 AD

Pipkin, J.J. (1902): The Negro in Revelation. 

“No one who has visited a dozen or two of the post-war and pre-war Jewish colonies in Palestine can fail to conclude that the movement that has called and is calling these civilised settlements into existence is one which cannot fail to be most highly beneficial to the country. (...) Every new colony is a centre of progress.”

– Sir Martin Conway of Allington, English/British Conservative MP. 1856 – 1937 AD

Conway, W.M. (1923): Palestine and Morocco. Page 253. 

“We know that [the Jews] were essentially cattle breeders and crop farmers 2-3,000 years ago, like the Arabs still are as of today. We also know that they developed specific warlike traits under David and the Maccabees. (…) Already at the time of Christ, the Diaspora, especially Alexandrian Jewry, was richer and more highly regarded than the Jerusalemites were. Therefore, a half independent Jewish state could exist alongside a strong Diaspora in our century too. Either way, it would benefit all, Jews as well as Christians, if the Jewish proletariat is settled somewhere on earth under bearable life conditions, where it is able to live according to its own customs and according to their own taste. For that reason, we can't but wish the Zionist movement complete success.”

– Carl Peters, Hannoverian/German colonialist. 1856 – 1918 AD

Tägliche Rundschau. In: Die Welt. Nummer 42. Jahrgang 7. 16. August 1903. [Translated by C. Nooij] 

"Mark well that in the Catholic Mass, Abraham is our Patriarch and forefather. Anti-Semitism is incompatible with the lofty thought which that fact expresses. It is a movement with which we Christians can have nothing to do. No, no, I say to you it is impossible for a Christian to take part in anti-Semitism. It is inadmissible. Through Christ and in Christ we are the spiritual progeny of Abraham. Spiritually, we [Christians] are all Semites."

​– Pius XI (Achille Ratti), Lombardian/Italian Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. 1857 – 1939 AD

Pope Pius XI (1938): Spiritually, we are Semites. 6th of September 1938. 

“Palestine is the California of Asia. (...) The colonies around the Lake of Tiberias and at the head of the Jordan Valley with their clean, modern houses and tree-lined streets, miles ahead of the windowless, unshaded mudhouses of the neighboring Arab villages. Science, dexterity and diligence will transform the Plain of Esdraelon and the Jezreel Valley into just as enchanting an image of scenic beauty and agricultural opulence, as one is anthralled by on the road from Los Angeles to St. Bernardino. The Jews bring upon their ancient homeland the same optimism and energy, that characterize California. A striking example of this is Jaffa and Tel Aviv. (...) There is nothing on this planet that is comparable to the modern miracle of Tel Aviv, apart from that one miracle of self-confidence and vision: Los Angeles. The modern mill in Haifa, the electric light in Tel Aviv, the hydro-electric development of Tiberias, the arrangements made for drinkable water and healthcare in Jerusalem are proofs for Jewish acumen and dexterity. They leave no room for doubt regarding he final success of the plan for a Jewish homeland.”

– Elwood Mead, American agriculturalist. 1858 – 1939 AD

Mead, E. (1924): Palästina und Kalifornien. In: Aufbau 1 von 15.5.1924. [Translated by C. Nooij]. 

“Not to greater inborn mental powers, but simply to the stricter compliance with religious laws and to a virginal, economical and conscientious lifestyle do the Semites owe their greater financial successes. If only the Christians would do the same, they’d need not fear a Semitic superiority. (…) I have found among the Jews the most compassionate, most warm-hearted, most sacrificial and noblest characters and I have gotten to know among the Christians the most self-serving, most heartless and the most inferiorly thinking and acting creatures, so that I can only feel horrified by the brutality of the presecution of Jews.”

– Philo vom Walde, Silesian/German writer. 1858 – 1906 AD

Dr. Bloch's oesterreichische Wochenschrift (1895). Jahrgang 12. Nr. 51. Seite 941. [Translated by C. Nooij]. 

“Most [of the pioneers in Palestine] are young men, who usually walk around in khaki kneebreeches and neckless white shirts, bareheaded or with European cloth caps. There are also girls, with bob cuts, short-sleeved white cotton dresses and horn-rimmed glasses. They enjoyed secondary and tertiary education, so that the labourers at the university construction look like students. They generally possess a splendid physical constitution and their heads are painted with expressions of the most confident willpower. (…) The pioneers and the new immigrants, who are blessed with the same pioneering spirit, have built these colonies with their bare hands on soil that was originally often marshy and malarious and was only bought at outrageous prices (…) from the Arab landowners. (…) The main reason that makes me believe that the Jewish colonisation in Palestine is an experiment that can be realised to the end, and will surely give in one way or another valuable and lasting results, is that the pioneers, in believing that are reviving the life of their ancestors in Palestine, represent an absolutely new type of synthesis of the Occidental and Oriental spirit at the most critical point of the European-Asian border.”

– Graham Wallas, English socialist and psychologist. 1858 – 1932 AD

Wallas, G. (1924): Palästinapioniere. In: Wiener Morgenzeitung. Nr. 2080, 6. Jahrgang. 3. Dezember 1924. [Translated by C. Nooij]. 

“If this decision in the spirit of national liberation and national concentration is carried out, which, as far as I know, has always distinguished your movement, then it will become a starting point for a new and fruitful development in the history of your highly talented race. The impact that the Jewish citizens of the various countries have so far made on the progress of general civilization, will be continued as before, but part of the difficulties that arose in certain parts of the world because a disproportionately numerous Jewish population lives among the other nations residing there, will most certainly become easier to overcome and disappear, once a reestablished Jewish nation state becomes the natural center for the observation of Jewish interests throughout the world. (...) International socialism has, through its repeated position statement against not only the shameless persecutions of Jews in certain countries, but also in favor of the Zionist program of establishing a free, national Jewish State, made its point of view in regards to your efforts clear.”

– Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden. 1860 – 1925 AD

Ein Glückwunschschreiben Brantings an die Zionistische Organisation in Schweden. Wiener Morgenzeitung. Heft 482 vom 27.5.1920. [Translated by C. Nooij]. 

“It is rather distressing that the Jewish nation, a nation which has done so much for the world should even now be hated and persecuted. Why the new German Government should behave in this strange manner I cannot even guess. It is foolish as well as wrong; for the Jews have stood by the graves of all their oppressors in turn. What we were to look for was the secret of the unique greatness of the Jewish people. In what sense, and for what reason, were they ‘the chosen people’? Shall we not say it was because of their indomitable faith? They worshipped a God who revealed His name, that is, His character, as ‘I will be with you’. What will He be to them? They did not know. They guessed. They staked their lives, their fortunes, their hopes, on their guesses, and they guessed wrong again and again. Goethe speaks of the unconquerable levity of the human race, which goes on cherishing illusions twenty times proved fallacious. But it is not levity. It is something much nobler. 'Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him'. It is the last word of Jewish nationalism.”

​– Rev. Ralph William Inge, English priest and author. 1860 – 1954 AD

Baron, J. L. (1943): Stars and Sand. Jewish Notes by Non-Jewish Notables.​ Page 91. 

“In this country some of our chief offices of State are now held by the Jews, and we are undoubtedly under a great debt to those of the Jewish persuasion for carrying on the usages, customs, and government of civilisation. Therefore we cannot disregard them, or treat them in the way that other countries have done. I should be very sorry to see us do it.”

– Charles Cochrane-Baillie, British Governor of Queensland and of Bombay. 1860 – 1940 AD

House of Lords (1920): The Parliamentary Debates. Official Report. Volume 40. Page 1015. 

“Since the Holy Land has been laid waste by the Romans and the Jewish people exiled from its ancestral home, it has witnessed some of the greatest events in human history, such as the rise of Islam, the Crusades, the appearance of Napoleon on the streets of Jaffa, but now it witnesses the greatest of all historical events: the return of a large part of the Jewish people to their ancestral homeland, after centuries of exile. (...) Since the conclusion of the war, 40,000 Jewish pioneers from all parts of Europe have immigrated into Palestine and have settled there as agricultural laborers. They are drying up swamps, planting forests, building roads, bridges, houses, schools, and houses of worship, and are turning a wilderness into an Eden. The Holy Land, cradle of all great religions, will soon raise from its ashes and be again what it has been at the time of the great prophets: a land flowing with milk and honey."

​– William Emett Dever, Irish-American mayor of Chicago. 1862 – 1929 AD

Mayor Dever's Kerem Hayesod Proclamation. In: Daily Jewish Coureer. April 15, 1924. 

“The fate of the Jews is a scandal of history. Like Hellenism, Judaism is a deep source of our western civilization: it has given it its Bible, its God, its unquenchable thirst for justice and the lyric of its ancient prophets, launched as a cry against divinity. That such a people has, for 18 centuries been massacred, quartered and scattered across the world for eighteen centuries like a vile herd; that they have been made them into, in the words of Jaures, the ‘great deprived of the world’, damned to an exile without end, and that this very exile was then declared a crime so as to justify new persecutions, is an injustice that, since many years, has outraged all generous hearts. This indignation has in recent times been translated into a concrete plan: returning to these displaced people a homeland, an asylum, a fatherland. Zionism, then, was born.”

– Paul Painlevé, Prime Minister of France. 1863 – 1933 AD

Corcos, F. (1923): Israël sur la terre biblique. Page 198. 

"The Jews are not only our ancestors, but our brothers. Our origin is the same, our language is almost common, our father is their father. We are proud to belong to the same race. We owe all to Judaism, our teachings are taken from their sacred law. Our faith is similar. We love the same God. We love Jerusalem as much as they do. We sincerely want that our relation with them will be constant and always fruitful. We assist each other and we hope with all our heart that God will deliver the oppressed Jews from those persecutions of which they are the object. We express our best wishes that all Jews will be assured of peace and tranquility, because we feel how sincere and precious is their love for us."

– Anthony II Peter Arida, Maronite Patriarch of Antioch. 1863 – 1955 AD

Nisan, M. (2017): Politics and War in Lebanon: Unraveling the Enigma. Page 125. 

“May the influence of the Hebrew University be worthy of the ideals which are for ever and ever connected with the city of Jerusalem and may her work be worthy of the high intellectual rank of a nation that through its services played a meaningful role in science and has participated considerably to the maintenance of the efficiency of the older sites of science, both through the capability of its scholars as well as through the generosity of her benefactors.”

– Albert Charles Seward, English/British Vice Chancellor of Cambridge University. 1863 – 1941 AD

Zionist Review (1925): Hebrew University Number. Page 133. 

“I have (…) experienced the greatness of Zionism. I have experienced, that it is a dream of glowing and enchanting beauty, and that only a great nation can have such dreams. (…) After they achieve a fatherland, their nature can be expressed much more purely than now, now that they are now absorbing all sorts of foreign things, occasionally allowing their character to become blurred. Only from that moment will their voice be able to resound brightly and with power within our culture. Those are the reasons which make me see a great and noble movement in Zionism. I believe: it is good for the Jews and good for our culture. (…) The saddest thing has, for me, always been those Jews who are ashamed to be Jews, who deny their great people, who perhaps indeed even wish to imitate the words or gestures of another people by pretending to be Germans or Frenchmen. (…) It is fortunate for the Jews, that their youths are now learning again, how to commit to Jewishness with pride.”

– Hermann Bahr, Upper-Austrian writer, playwright, director and critic. 1863 – 1934 AD

Hermann Bahr. In: Die Welt. Nummer 25. Jahrgang 1. 19. November 1897. Seite 25. [Translated by C. Nooij.]. 

“For the Zionist attempt at solving the general Jewish Question there exists among us a vibrant interest. We recognize the great seriousness of the efforts by the national-minded parts of your people, aimed at that goal and wish these efforts, in all impartiality, the best outcome.”

– Michael Mayr, Federal Chancellor of Austria. 1864 – 1922 AD

Deutschösterreich. In: Jüdische Preis. Seite 42. 7. Jahrgang. Nr. 6. 18. Februar 1921. 

“As far as concerns the results of their presence in the part of Palestine in which they chiefly dwell, those of us who have seen those Jewish settlements must feel that they are a fulfilment of the old prophecy that ‘the desert shall blossom as the rose’. (…) They had hoped that in one place on this earth this people of something like sixteen and a half millions might have a sphere of their own, where they could show what was in them, where they could be masters of their own destiny and affairs, and where there could be a centre of Jewish life, culture and influence throughout the world.”

​– Cosmo Gordon Lang, Scottish Anglican Archbishop of York and Canterbury. 1864 – 1945 AD

UK Parliament (1939): Volume 113. Debated on Tuesday 23 May 1939. 

“As an agrarian reformer I am primarily interested in the colonial side of your [Zionist] movement. (…) It is clear to me that hardworking people, who are carried away by the enthousiasm for a high goal during the disappointments and deprivations of the first years and perhaps decennia, can achieve a great deal – particularly in Palestine. Even if the circumstances of the time require different forms of realisation – the basic truth of agrarian reform hasn’t been represented as clearly and consistently by any recognized national leader as it was by the mighty leader of the Exodus.”

– Adolf Damaschke, Brandenburgian/German agrarian reformer and pedagogian.  1865 – 1935 AD

Kaufmann, M.W. (1900): Zionisten und Christen. Page 36. [Translated by C. Nooij]. 

"And now we can tell of the Hebrews, a Semitic people, not so important in their own time as in their influence upon the later history of the world. They were settled in Judea long before 1000 B.C., and their capital city after that time was Jerusalem. (…) Their importance in the world is due to the fact that they produced a written literature, a world history, a collection of laws, chronicles, psalms, books of wisdom, poetry and fiction and political utterances which became at last what Christians know as the Old Testament, the Hebrew Bible. (…) The Jews were a new thing, a people without a king and presently without a temple, held together and consolidated out of heterogeneous elements by nothing but the power of the written word. (…) [Jewish] people are rich enough, able enough, and potent enough to save themselves. (…) What is to prevent Jews having Palestine and restoring a real Judea?"

– H. G. Wells, English author. 1866 – 1946 AD

Wells, H.G. (1922): A Short History of the World. 

Jewish Telegraphic Agency (2012): When the Comic Stops Laughing.

Kobler, F. (1856): The Vision Was There. 

“The Arab population do not and cannot use or develop the resources of Palestine. This is not disputed by any one who knows the country. The total population of Palestine today (…) is less than was that of Galilee in the time of Christ. (…) Already Jewish immigration is changing that. To the older Jewish settlements and agricultural schools are owing, to a great extent, both the Jaffa orange trade and the culture of vines; to the newer, agricultural machinery, afforestation, the beginnings of scientific manuring, the development of schemes of irrigation and of agricultural cooperation. Palestine not only offers room for hundreds of thousands of Jews, it loudly cries out for more labour and more skill.”

– Ramsay MacDonald, Scottish Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. 1866 – 1937 AD

Keleman, P. (1996): Zionism and the British Labour Party.